Archive for the ‘Aerogenerador’ Category
The cumulative wind power capacity from 1999 to 2020 is shown in Figure, and it can be seen that the wind power has grown fast to a capacity of 283 GW with ∼45 GW installed only in 2012, and this number is expected to achieve 760 GW in 2020 on moderate scenario [9]. The wind power grows more significant than any other renewable energy sources and is becoming really an important player in the modern energy supply system. As an extreme example Denmark has a high penetration by wind power and today > 30% of the electric power consumption is covered by wind. This country has even the ambition to achieve 100% nonfossil-based power generation system by 2050.
Source:
Frede Blaabjerg and Ke Ma «Future on Power Electronics for Wind Turbine Systems» IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, Vol. 1, No. 3, September 2013
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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The Figure shown an example of Wind PV BESS hybrid power generation system with large-scale battery energy storage station (it is in BESS – Battery Energy Storage Station). It is used for compensation of aleatory energy production from wind turbine or PV plant. This BESS have orden of MW’s both for charge/discharge process.
Source:
Xiangjun Li, Dong Hui and Xiaokang Lai «Battery Energy Storage Station (BESS) – Based Smoothing Control of Photovoltaic (PV) and Wind Power Generation Fluctuations». IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2013.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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There are two broad classes of flywheel-energy-storage technologies. One is a technology based on low-speed flywheels (up to 6000 r/min) with steel rotors and conventional bearings. The other one involves modern high-speed flywheel systems (up to 60 000 r/min) that are just becoming commercial and make use of advanced composite wheels that have much higher energy and power density than steel wheels. This technology requires ultralow friction bearing assemblies, such as magnetic bearings, and stimulates a research trend. Most applications of flywheels in the area of renewable energy delivery are based on a typical configuration where an electrical machine (i.e., high-speed synchronous machine or induction machine) drives a flywheel, and its electrical part is connected to the grid via a back-to-back converter, as shown in Figure. Such configuration requires an adequate control strategy to improve power smoothing. The basic operation could be summarized as follows. When there is excess in the generated power with respect to the demanded power, the difference is stored in the flywheel that is driven by the electrical machine operating as a motor. On the other hand, when a perturbation or a fluctuation in delivered power is detected in the loads, the electrical machine is driven by the flywheel and operates as a generator supplying needed extra energy. A typical control algorithm is a direct vector control with rotor-flux orientation and sensorless control using a model-reference-adaptive-system (MRAS) observer.
Source:
Juan Manuel Carrasco, Leopoldo García Franquelo, Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Eduardo Galván, Ramón C. Portillo Guisado, Ángeles Martín Prats, José Ignacio León and Narciso Moreno-Alfonso “Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2006
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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As the wind penetration increases, the hydrogen options become most economical. Also, sales of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel are more lucrative than reconverting the hydrogen back into electricity. Industry is developing low-maintenance electrolysers to produce hydrogen fuel. Because these electrolysers require a constant minimum load, wind turbines must be integrated with grid or energy systems to provide power in the absence of wind.
Electrical energy could be produced and delivered to the grid from hydrogen by a fuel cell or a hydrogen combustion generator. The fuel cell produces power through a chemical reaction, and energy is released from the hydrogen when it reacts with the oxygen in the air. Also, wind electrolysis promises to establish new synergies in energy networks. It will be possible to gradually supply domestic-natural-gas infrastructures, as reserves diminish, by feeding hydrogen from grid-remote wind farms into natural-gas pipelines. The Figure shows a variable-speed wind turbine with a hydrogen storage system and a fuel cell system to reconvert the hydrogen to the electrical grid…
Source:
Juan Manuel Carrasco, Leopoldo García Franquelo, Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Eduardo Galván, Ramón C. Portillo Guisado, Ángeles Martín Prats, José Ignacio León and Narciso Moreno-Alfonso “Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2006
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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The use of low-speed permanent-magnet generators that have a large number of poles allows obtaining the dc sources from the multiple wounds of this electrical machine, as can be seen in Figure. In this case, the power-electronic building block (PEBB) can be composed of a rectifier, a dc link, and an H-bridge. Another possibility is to replace the rectifier by an additional H-bridge. The continuous reduction of the cost per kilowatt of PEBBs is making the multilevel cascaded topologies to be the most commonly used by the industrial solutions. This as one alternative to multinivel conversors.
Source:
Juan Manuel Carrasco, Leopoldo García Franquelo, Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Eduardo Galván, Ramón C. Portillo Guisado, Ángeles Martín Prats, José Ignacio León and Narciso Moreno-Alfonso “Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2006
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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Classical HVDC transmission systems [as shown in Figure (a)] are based on the current source converters with naturally commutated thyristors, which are the so-called linecommutated converters (LCCs). This name originates from the fact that the applied thyristors need an ac voltage source in order to commutate and thus only can transfer power between two active ac networks. They are, therefore, less useful in connection with the wind farms as the offshore ac grid needs to be powered up prior to a possible startup. A further disadvantage of LCC-based HVDC transmission systems is the lack of the possibility to provide an independent control of the active and reactive powers. Furthermore, they produce large amounts of harmonics, which make the use of large filters inevitable. Voltage-source converter (VSC)-based HVDC transmission systems are gaining more and more attention not only for the grid connection of large offshore wind farms. Figure (b) shows the schematic of a VSC-based HVDC transmission system
Source:
Juan Manuel Carrasco, Leopoldo García Franquelo, Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Eduardo Galván, Ramón C. Portillo Guisado, Ángeles Martín Prats, José Ignacio León and Narciso Moreno-Alfonso “Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2006
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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The figure shows the scheme of a full power converter for a wind turbine. The machine-side three-phase converter works as a driver controlling the torque generator, using a vector control strategy. The grid-side three-phase converter permits windenergy transfer into the grid and enables to control the amount of the active and reactive powers delivered to the grid. It also keeps the total-harmonic-distortion (THD) coefficient as low as possible, improving the quality of the energy injected into the public grid. The induction generator of wind turbine is connected to a voltage-source inverter (VSI) used as a rectifier
Source:
Juan Manuel Carrasco, Leopoldo García Franquelo, Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Eduardo Galván, Ramón C. Portillo Guisado, Ángeles Martín Prats, José Ignacio León and Narciso Moreno-Alfonso “Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2006
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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A number of turbines, ranging from 600 kW to 2.75 MW, have the variable-speed conditions are achieved dissipating the energy within a resistor placed in the rotor, as shown in Figure. Using that technology, the efficiency of the system decreases when the slip increases, and the speed control is limited to a narrow margin. This scheme includes the power converter and the resistors in the rotor. Trigger signals to the power switches are accomplished by optical coupling
Source:
Juan Manuel Carrasco, Leopoldo García Franquelo, Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Eduardo Galván, Ramón C. Portillo Guisado, Ángeles Martín Prats, José Ignacio León and Narciso Moreno-Alfonso “Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2006
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Variable-Speed Concept Utilizing Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG):In a variable-speed turbine with DFIG, the converter feeds the rotor winding, while the stator winding is connected directly to the grid. This converter, thus decoupling mechanical and electrical frequencies and making variable-speed operation possible, can vary the electrical rotor frequency. This turbine cannot operate in the full range from zero to the rated speed, but the speed range is quite sufficient. This limited speed range is caused by the fact that a converter that is considerably smaller than the rated power of the machine is used. In principle, one can say that the ratio between the size of the converter and the wind-turbine rating is half of the rotor-speed span. In addition to the fact that the converter is smaller, the losses are also lower. The control possibilities of the reactive power are similar to the full power-converter system. For instance, the Spanish company Gamesa supplies this kind of variable-speed wind turbines to the market. The forced switched power-converter scheme is shown in Figure. The converter includes two three-phase ac–dc converters linked by a dc capacitor battery. This scheme allows, on one hand, a vector control of the active and reactive powers of the machine, and on the other hand, a decrease by a high percentage of the harmonic content injected into the grid by the power converter.
Source:
Juan Manuel Carrasco, Leopoldo García Franquelo, Jan T. Bialasiewicz, Eduardo Galván, Ramón C. Portillo Guisado, Ángeles Martín Prats, José Ignacio León and Narciso Moreno-Alfonso «Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey». IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2006
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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J963e: Other example of microgrid con cell fuel wind turbine PV microturbine battery bank and loads…
This microgrid have different elements: wind turbine, photovoltaics, fuel cell, battery bank, microturbine and interconection with main grifd. The level power is little but it is a interesting microgrid for study. It is a typical AC microgrid with load distribuited in many locations into microgrid. Main grind is a sub-transmission network in 20 kV.
Image Source:
Aris L. Dimeas, Nikos D. Natziargyriou “Operation of Multiagent System for Microgrid Control” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3, August 2005.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Sun –> energy provided from photovoltaic energy plant.
Wind –> similar from wind turbine(s)
Batt –> similar from battery bank
ene –> similar injected from electrical network external or utility electric network
In other image in red is the total suministed for this sources and red line is the demand. Other images is cost, evoluction of energy supply from each source and more details. It is made for me (Jorge Mírez) in Matlabb/Simulink and I utilized concept of linear programming. Image is from my destokp laptop.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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A simple block diagram of a hybrid power system is shown in Figure. The sources of electric power in this hybrid system consist of a diesel generator, a battery bank, a PV array, and a wind generator. The diesel generator is the main source of power around the world. The output of the diesel generator is regulated ac voltage, which supplies the load directly through the main distribution transformer. The battery bank, the PV array, and the wind turbine are interlinked through a dc bus. The RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) regulates the flow of power to and from the different units, depending on the load. The integration of a RTU into a hybrid power system is important to enhance the performance of the system. The overall purpose of the RTU is to give knowledgeable personnel the ability to monitor and control the hybrid system from an external control center. Since the hybrid systems of interest in this research are located in remote areas, the ability for external monitoring and control is of utmost importance. The RTU is interfaced with a variety of sensors and control devices located at key locations within the hybrid system. The RTU processes the data from these sensors and transmits it to a control center. In addition, the RTU is also capable of receiving control signals and adjusting parameters within the system without the physical presence of the operating personnel.
Source:
Richard W. Wies, Ron A. Johnson, Ashish N. Agrawal and Tyler J. Chubb «Simulink Model for Economic Analysis and Environmental Impacts of a PV With Diesel-Battery System for Remote Villages» IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2005
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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El block diagram structure of a microgrid is shown in Figure. The main task of the power plant’s power electronic converter is to fit primary energy converter’s output voltage to the microgrid power line voltage, and source operating point control as well as low and high level microgrid’s control. The converter’s structure depends on a type of primary energy converter. A common feature of the converters concerns their output current. It should be permanent and low ripple.
Source:
Piotr Biczel. “Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid”. IEEE 5th International Conference – Workshop, Compatibility in Power Electronics, CPE 2007. Poland.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Many examples there is in this blog about DC microgrids (see last post or search in blog). This blog is for share information of actual tendence in electricity. It is part of my research as doctoral student in physics in National University of Engineering in Lima, Perú; and actually I am writing in english. For last post, the blog have a traductor box option. Near to 1000 post about diferents topic in renewable energy focused in microgrid, smartgrid and its modelling ans simulation witn Matlab/Simulink. I know this software and its very good, practical for science and engineering. In May or June is possible I will expose mi thesys doctoral, previus days or weeks I posted the exact time for all people see in live or via internet. This figure is other DC microgrid scheme with different technologies interconnected at a some bus DC for transfered electric power. Jorge Mírez (please visit and link my fanpage http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu )
Source of Figure:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. “Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation” International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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This a typical scheme of a microgrid AC/DC. It maybe contain many technologies as micro-source, storage, loads and monitoring and control. Un Microgrid Bus linked the different components.
Source:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. «Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation» International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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The figure illustrates the concept of the power management method in the islanded mode. When a DC micro-grid must be separated from the ac grid and switch to the islanded mode, the grid-tied converter released control of the DC grid voltage and one of the converters in the micro-grid must take over that control. Since each converter of DGs is used for optimal control of each source, only the converters of the energy storage elements are free to regulate the DC grid voltage. During the islanded mode, the battery plays a main role in regulating the DC grid voltage and the super-capacitor plays a secondary role in responding to the sudden power requirement as an auxiliary converter.
Source:
Ji-Heon Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim, Byung-Moon Han, Yu-Seok Jeong, Hyo-Sik Yang and Han-Ju Cha “DC Micro-Grid Operational Analysis with a Detailed Simulation Model for Distributed Generation” Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 3, May 2011
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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The dc microgrid considered is schematically shown in Fig. As for a typical dc microgrid, it consists of the following mainelements:
• variable (nondeterministic) generations and, in this example, a wind turbine using permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG); the maximum power output from the wind turbine is largely determined by the wind condition;
• controlled (deterministic) generation (e.g., a diesel generator or with ac grid connection); as shown in Fig, the dc grid in this example is connected to an external ac system via a dc-ac converter which provides bidirectionalpower-flow capability;
• variable loads with different characteristics; a number of ac and dc loads can be anticipated (e.g., ac loads via dc-ac inverters, dc loads via dc-dc converters, and direct-connected dc loads, etc.);
• energy storage (ES) system to accommodate the presence of variable generation and load, and the requirement of possible island operation (i.e., connection to the external ac system being lost)
Reference:
Lie Xu, Dong Chen. “Control and Operation of a DC Microgrid With Variable Generation and Energy Storage”. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 4, October 2011
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56488109800
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_dSpp4YAAAAJ
MATLAB Group Admin in Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Matlab.Simulink.for.All
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This simulation is about microgrid with solar and wind source, battery storage and utility network. It have cost differents and the simulation is para 96 time’s step. The distance between time’s step is configurable and it depend of characteristic of each source and all source in general. Made on Matlab of Math/Works Inc.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56488109800
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_dSpp4YAAAAJ
MATLAB Group Admin in Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Matlab.Simulink.for.All
WhatsApp Channel/Canal: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VbCvpZsAYlUSz2esek2y
During operation a microgrid, sometimes; renewable energy sources and the external power grid, dispatched electric energy simultaneously. Sometimes, many sources is neccesary for supply to electric load. Also, all it, considering both economic and technical criteria. The figure represent la connection and disconnetion of sources for each state of performance of a microgrid. Too, it is applicable to other similar electric systems.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56488109800
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_dSpp4YAAAAJ
MATLAB Group Admin in Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Matlab.Simulink.for.All
WhatsApp Channel/Canal: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VbCvpZsAYlUSz2esek2y
In a microgrid, each energy source is required according to the criterion of costs and production capacity. During the operation time, accumulative energy from each source is represented in the figure. Criteria of linear optimization has been used in this modelling and simulation. This allows determining the nominal capacity and the ability to respond to sudden requests. Made on Matlab of MathWorks Inc.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56488109800
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_dSpp4YAAAAJ
MATLAB Group Admin in Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Matlab.Simulink.for.All
WhatsApp Channel/Canal: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VbCvpZsAYlUSz2esek2y
Blog in ENGLISH
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Datos Generales
Good day. My full name is Jorge Luis MIREZ TARRILLO.
I am Peruvian and live in Lima, capital of Perú in South America.I am Mechanical Electrical Engineering, MSc Physics and Dr. Physics (title doctoral thesis: Control, Optimization, and Management of Microgrid Current Direct)
Too, actually job as Principal Professor in Faculty of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering of Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (National University of Engineering) in Lima – PERU (Courses: Modern Physics, Differential Equations and Research's Methodology)
My subjects of my interest are control, signal processing, optimization, simulation, biomedical research, smart grid, microgrid, water.
I have experience in Matlab/Simulink programming, biomedical equipment, electrical systems, renewable energies, microgrids, saturated steam systems 100 psi and organizing academic events.
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