Archive for the ‘Electrical Market’ Category
In the office there are many electronic equipment, it for the general, to use DC voltage. There is certain paradigme about the data center made more for market that for technical reasons… ups, many companies it not like. Ok, the figure shown the special configuration (a example) of electrical supply to equipment office. Very good, it is a representative used of potential DC microgrids.
Source of Figure:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. «Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation» International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
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The basic philosophy in developing the perfect power system is first to increase the independence, flexibility, and intelligence for optimization of energy use and energy management at the local level; and then to integrate local systems as necessary or justified for deliveringperfect power supply and services.
This path started with the notion that increasingly consumers expect perfection in the end-use devices and appliances they have. Not only does portability enable a highly mobile digital society; but also once perfection in portability is defined, it provides elements of perfection that enable, in turn, a localize perfect system. Localized perfect systems can also accommodate increasing consumer demands for independence, convenience, appearance, environmentally friendly service and cost control.
Local systems can in turn be integrated into distributed perfect systems. Distributed perfect systems can, in turn be interconnected and integrated with technologies that ultimately enable a fully integrated perfect power system. The figure summarizes each of these system configuration stages.
Each of these configurations can essentially be considered a possible structure for the perfect power system in its own right, but each stage logically evolves to the next stage based on the efficiencies, and quality or service value improvements to be attained. In effect, these potential system configuration stages build on each other starting from a portable power system connected to other portable power systems which then can evolve into a building integrated power system, a distributed power system and eventually to a fully integrated power system.
Source:
Clark W. Gellings.The Smart Grid. CRC Press. 2009. ISBN-10 0-88173-623-6
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
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Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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This is a part of my results about interconnected of two microgrids. It have flow power in function a its capacities, but probably a deficit and/or surplus in supply or demand in both microgrids is present. Negative is deficit in microgrid to import from other source different to other microgrid. Positivo is surplus in microgrid by export to other demand different at other microgrid. The figure is a simple example for to show that it is possible using mathematical modelling and simulations on Matlab of MathWork Inc.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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This figure represents the electrical demand in Ecuador. It is noted that during the study period, nearly doubled the demand for electricity. Currently Ecuador already has a transmission line at 500 kV. With technology centers as Yachay, I recommend that Ecuador must bet for the development of technologies such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines and biomass. Other technologies are possible and with higher added value.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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This simulation is about microgrid with solar and wind source, battery storage and utility network. It have cost differents and the simulation is para 96 time’s step. The distance between time’s step is configurable and it depend of characteristic of each source and all source in general. Made on Matlab of Math/Works Inc.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Satisfaction of local consumption implies that the power produced by microgeneration is used to supply partly or wholly in-site consumption. In such a case, there is no requirement for separate metering of microsource generation (also called “net-metering”). However, on-site generation and on-site load need to be metered separately when microsource units appear as independent generators that sell all their production directly to the network and are not financially related to end consumers. In this case, local consumption is a market opportunity that can be easily overlooked by all players (see Figure). There are two main advantages of promoting local consumption satisfaction within a microgrid:
1. End consumers are provided with more choices in retail power supply.
2. Microsource operators have the possibility to obtain quasi-retail prices via selling locallyto minimize network charges.
The local retail market concept is therefore directly linked to the local consumption mechanism, which can also be seen as a two-sided hedging tool for both demand and supply players for reducing market risk: consumers can use the local market to hedge against high market price, while microsources can use the local market to hedge against low market price.
Source:
Nikos Hatziargyriou. “Microgrids Architectures and Control”. 2014 John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-118-72068-4.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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In Figure, the microgrid concept is further clarified by examples that highlight three essential microgrid features: local load, local microsources and intelligent control. In many countries environmental protection is romoted by the provision of carbon credits by the use of RES and CHP technologies; this should be also added as a microgrids feature. Absence of one or more features would be better described by DG interconnection cases or DSI (Demand Side integration) case.
Source:
Nikos Hatziargyriou. “Microgrids Architectures and Control”. 2014 John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-118-72068-4.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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During operation a microgrid, sometimes; renewable energy sources and the external power grid, dispatched electric energy simultaneously. Sometimes, many sources is neccesary for supply to electric load. Also, all it, considering both economic and technical criteria. The figure represent la connection and disconnetion of sources for each state of performance of a microgrid. Too, it is applicable to other similar electric systems.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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In a microgrid, each energy source is required according to the criterion of costs and production capacity. During the operation time, accumulative energy from each source is represented in the figure. Criteria of linear optimization has been used in this modelling and simulation. This allows determining the nominal capacity and the ability to respond to sudden requests. Made on Matlab of MathWorks Inc.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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A microgrid operate in state stable in this simulation made on Matlab. Each state represent a determinate time (10 minutes, 15 minutes o more o less). But during this time, la Microgrid makes calculations of energy cost dispatched for each source. The imagen is the global cost of microgrid (or similar or other electric system considering all costs). The microgrid optimizer decides in base a linear programming the connection and disconnection of each source.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Microgrids are both partand beneficiariesof the smart-grid concept. Is evident thatthere are objectives
shared between microgrids and the smart-grid concept: reduce the costs of energy and the reliability, efficiency and security improvement. Also, there are benefits which are linked to the useof smart-grid technologies: the deployment ofgreen technologies, different levels of quality and the use of demand response strategies
Source:
René B. Martínez-Cid. «Renewable-Driven Microgrids in Isolated Communities». A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering. University of Puerto Rico. Mayagüez Campus. 2009.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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One of the most promising applications of renewable energy technology is the installation of hybrid
energy systems (HES) in remote areas, where the grid extension is costly and the cost of fuel increases drastically with the remoteness of the location. Recent research have shown that HES have an excellent potential, as a form of supplementary contribution to conventional power generation systems. In figure, one of the most common hybrid renewable system implemented and studied is described.
Source:
Francisco Goncalves Goina Mesquita. «Design Optimization of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy Systems». A Dissertation submitted under the scope of Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores Major Energia. Fevereiro de 2010. Facultade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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The figure shows the minimum requirements for a VPP: a number of small participants (consumers or DERs); a communications network (the internet or dedicated lines); a communication platform with a common information model and a consensus on the communication architecture; a primary energy supply network; and a link to the energy market. The primary energy supply is the foundation of the VPP, the communication system forms the glue holding the VPP together, and the market link is the incentive which drives the system to service the needs of its owners and customers.A VPP may be dispersed over a large area, though in the case of islands and other microgrids it may equally well have tight geographical limits.
Source:
Riso Energy Report 8. “The intelligent energy system infraestructure for the future”. Riso National Laboratory. Technical University of Denmark. September 2009. ISBN 978-87-550-3754-0
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
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In Europe this growth is driven by both national and EU policies. By 2008 the EU member states had adopted longterm targets in three different areas of energy policy:
• a binding reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 20% by 2020 compared to 1990; this target can be raised to 30% subject to the conclusion of binding international climate change agreements;
• a mandatory target for renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass, which by 2020 must supply 20% of the EU’s final energy demand; and
• a voluntary agreement to cut EU energy consumption by 20% by 2020, compared to a reference projection.
The EU has also set a target of 10% renewable energy, including biofuels, in transport by 2020.
This new policy, with its increasing reliance on renewable sources, will change European energy systems radically within the next decade. Energy technologies based on variable sources, especially wind power but to a lesser extent also wave power and PV, are expected to play a large role in the future energy supply. For example, by 2020 wind power is expected to supply 50% of the Danish electricity consumption – implying that from time to time significantly more wind power will be available than Denmark can consume1. This challenge will require not only significant changes in energy system structure, but also the development of intelligence within the system
Source:
Riso Energy Report 8. “The intelligent energy system infraestructure for the future”. Riso National Laboratory. Technical University of Denmark. September 2009. ISBN 978-87-550-3754-0
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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A study of the potential savings in energy used for heating of existing domestic buildings in Denmark has shown that savings of 60-80% in the period up to 2050 are possible if extensive energy conservation measures are put in place whenever the buildings are renovated (see Figure). The assumption is that during this period the entire building stock is either replaced by new buildings or renovated to the energy standards of new buildings. This would cut Denmark’s total final energy consumption by around 30%. A major part of these savings up to 2050 come from renovation…
Source:
Riso Energy Report 6. “Future options for energy technologies”. Riso National Laboratory. Technical University of Denmark. November 2007. ISBN 978-87-550-3611-6
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Denmark is the only net exporter of energy in the EU. In 2005, production from Danish oil and gas fields in the North sea exceeded the country’s gross energy consumption by 56%. At the same time Denmark has an environmentally-friendly energy profile that includes considerable amounts of renewable energy, especially wind power; strong energy efficiency measures; and widespread use of combined heat and power (CHP). For more than 20 years Denmark has kept its gross energy consumption almost constant, with an increase of just 4% since 1985, despite a 70% increase in gross national product in the same period. In short, Denmark is in a far better energy situation than most countries in the EU
Source:
Riso Energy Report 6. «Future options for energy technologies». Riso National Laboratory. Technical University of Denmark. November 2007. ISBN 978-87-550-3611-6
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Community/Utility Microgrids:The word “community” implies a geographical region that includes residential customers. Most observers predict that this class of microgrids will not achieve widespread commercial acceptance until standards are in place and regulatory barriers are removed.
Commercial/Industrial:The first “modern” industrial microgrid in the United States was a 64 MW facility constructed in 1955 at the Whitling Refinery in Indiana. All told, 455 megawatts (MW) of these vintage microgrids are currently online in the United States. Unlike today’s conceptual state-of-the-art models, these initial designs for the petrochemical industry still feature centralizedcontrols and fossil-fueled generation sets. Japan is a modern leader in the commercial/industrial sector, though most of its microgrids include governmental and other institutional customers.
Institutional/Campus:Because of the advantage of common ownership, this class of microgrids offers the best near-term development opportunity. At present, 322 MW of college campus microgrids are up and running in the United States, with more sophisticated state-of-the-art microgrids on the drawing boards. In the U.S., 40% of future microgrids will be developed in this market segment, adding 940 MW of new
capacity valued at $2.76 billion by 2015.
Remote Off-Grid Systems:This segment represents the greatest number of microgrids currently operating globally, but it has the smallest average capacity. While many systems have historically featured diesel distributed energy generation (DEG), the largest growth sector is solar photovoltaics (PV). Small wind is projected to play a growing role, as well.
Military Microgrids:The smallest market segment, these microgrids are just now being developed. They are integrating Renewable Distributed Energy Generation (RDEG) as a way to secure power supply without being dependent on any supplied fuel. GE and Sandia are moving forward in this area and model prototypes are expected in 2010.
Source:
Peter Asmus. Adam Cornelus. Clint Wheelock. «Microgrids: Islanded Power Grids and Distributed Generation for Community, Commercial, and Institutional Apllications». Research Report. PikeResearch. 2009.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Inthe recent past, dramatic improvements in productivity have been realized in the high technology sector as well as in the traditional industries. For the electric power supply to these industries, this hasled to a concomitant increase in the number of loads that are sensitive to power quality. Some of the industries that have such large sensitive loads include semiconductor manufacturing, textile mills, paper millsand plastic injection molding.Of course, a number of smaller but equally critical loads such as computers and electronic data processing equipment are also sensitive to power quality.Thetolerance
levels of computer equipment are specified by the Information Technology Industry/Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers’ Association (ITI/CBEMA) curves. Figure illustrates theCBEMA curves. This figure gives thepercent of nominal voltage versus duration in (60-Hz) cycles. The CBEMA curves represent the boundary of the ac input voltage envelope that can be tolerated (typically) by most
computer-based equipment. The upper curve represents the maximum voltage below which the equipment will continue to function normally. The lower curve is the minimum voltage above which the equipment will continue to function normally.
As seen in Figure, the steady state range of tolerance for computer equipmentis ±10% from the nominal voltage, i.e., the equipment continues to operate normally when sourced by any voltages in this range for an indefinite period of time. Similarly, voltages wells to a magnitude of 120% of the nominal value can be tolerated for about 0.5 s or 30 cycles; voltage sags to 80% of nominal for 10 s, or 600 cycles, can be tolerated. When the supply voltage is outside the boundaries of the susceptibility curves, improvement of the quality of power supplied to sensitive loads is essential to avoid a possible failure in their operation.
Source:
G. Venkataramanan, M.S. Illindala, C. Houle, and R.H. Lasseter. «Hardware Development of a Laboratory-Scale Microgrid Phase 1—Single Inverter in Island Mode Operation». NREL. November 2002 • NREL/SR-560-32527
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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One question that most system operators are concerned with is the optimised DG penetration level. Relationship regarding different cost models between optimum DG penetration level and interruption frequency is indicated in Figure.
Optimum micro-source penetration level is positive related with the interruption frequency without DG penetration; especially for average interruption costs, the relationship is almost linear. This relationship is important for systemplanning; as the system interruption frequency without DG penetration is generally known, the system operator is able to roughly determine of the optimum DG penetration level from reliability point of view
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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A reduction of system unavailability Q, as one example for system reliability indices, by the installation of micro-sources that enable (partial) island operation is demonstrated in Figure for selected European countries, compared to the case without DG.
The countries which have worse system reliability achieve higher improvements than the countries with high system reliabilities also in case without DG. For instance, in Portugal rural network the system unavailability decreases from more than 10 h/a to the value of below 1 h/a with maximum and average cost model; even with average cost model yearly unavailability is also reduced to approximate 4h/a. However, the improvement for German urban network and Holland network, which have already good system reliability without micro-sources, is not obvious, although system reliability is also improved to a certain extent in both networks. With higher interruption cost model, system reliability can be better improved. Higher interruption costs justify higher micro-source investment, thus achieving higher system reliability improvements. Microgrid operation from reliability point of view is thus most beneficial in countries with lower power quality or in regions or for customer segments with comparably high outage costs.
Source:
Christine Schwaegerl. “DG3&DG4 Report on the technical, social, economic, and environmental benefits provided by Microgrids on power system operation”. Siemens AG. 2009
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56488109800
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_dSpp4YAAAAJ
MATLAB Group Admin in Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Matlab.Simulink.for.All
WhatsApp Channel/Canal: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VbCvpZsAYlUSz2esek2y
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Datos Generales
Good day. My full name is Jorge Luis MIREZ TARRILLO.
I am Peruvian and live in Lima, capital of Perú in South America.I am Mechanical Electrical Engineering, MSc Physics and Dr. Physics (title doctoral thesis: Control, Optimization, and Management of Microgrid Current Direct)
Too, actually job as Principal Professor in Faculty of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering of Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (National University of Engineering) in Lima – PERU (Courses: Modern Physics, Differential Equations and Research's Methodology)
My subjects of my interest are control, signal processing, optimization, simulation, biomedical research, smart grid, microgrid, water.
I have experience in Matlab/Simulink programming, biomedical equipment, electrical systems, renewable energies, microgrids, saturated steam systems 100 psi and organizing academic events.
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