Archive for the ‘Microgrid DC’ Category
As Figure depicts, the convergence of communication technology and information technology with power system engineering, assisted by an array of new approaches, technologies and applications, allows the existing grid to traverse the complex yet staged trajectory of architecture, protocols, and standards towards the smart grid.
Source:
Hassan Farhangi “The Path of the Smart Grid” IEEE Power & Energy Mazagine. January/February 2010. Pag 18 -28.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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The smart grid needs to provide the utility companies with full visibility and pervasive control over their assets and services. The smart grid is required to be self-healing and resilient to system anomalies. And last but not least, the smart grid needs to empower its stakeholders to define and realize new ways of engaging with each other and performing energy transactions across the system. To allow pervasive control and monitoring, the smart grid is emerging as a convergence of information technology and communication technology with power system engineering. Figure depicts the salient features of the smart grid in comparison with the existing grid.
Source:
Hassan Farhangi «The Path of the Smart Grid» IEEE Power & Energy Mazagine. January/February 2010. Pag 18 -28.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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J963e: Other example of microgrid con cell fuel wind turbine PV microturbine battery bank and loads…
This microgrid have different elements: wind turbine, photovoltaics, fuel cell, battery bank, microturbine and interconection with main grifd. The level power is little but it is a interesting microgrid for study. It is a typical AC microgrid with load distribuited in many locations into microgrid. Main grind is a sub-transmission network in 20 kV.
Image Source:
Aris L. Dimeas, Nikos D. Natziargyriou “Operation of Multiagent System for Microgrid Control” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3, August 2005.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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The overall procedure is the following:
1. The Market Operator (MO) announces the prices for selling (SP) or buying (BP) energy to the Microgrid. Normally it is SP>BP.
2. The local loads announce their demands for the next 15 minutes and an initial price (DP) for the kWh. It is DP>BPand DP<SP.
3. The production units accept or decline the load offer according to an Auction Price (AP).
4. The negotiation continues for a specific time (5 min).
5. After the end of the negotiation time, all the units have adjusted their set points. If there is no production unit within the Microgrid to satisfy the load demand, the power is bought from the grid. In addition, the grid can be considered as a load too, so the production or storage units can sell energy to the grid.
Source:
Aris L. Dimeas, Nikos D. Natziargyriou “Operation of Multiagent System for Microgrid Control” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3, August 2005.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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The DNO’s responsible for the technical operation in a medium and low voltage area, in which more than one Microgrids may exist. In addition, one or more MO’s are responsible for the Market Operation of this area. These two entities do not belong to the Microgrid, but they are the delegates of the grid. The DNO
refers to the operational functions of the system and the MO to the Market functions. It should be noted that, despite the autonomous operation of the Microgrid, it should ideally appear as a controlled, intelligent unit in coordination with the DNO.
The MGCC is the main responsible for the optimization of the Microgrid operation, or alternatively, it simply coordinates the local controllers, which assume the main responsibility for this optimization.
The LC’s control the Distributed Energy Resources (DER), production and storage units, and some of the local loads. Depending on themode of operation, they have certain level of intelligence, in order to take decisions locally. Of course, in any type of operation there are certain decisions that can be taken only locally.
Source:
Aris L. Dimeas, Nikos D. Natziargyriou «Operation of Multiagent System for Microgrid Control» IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3, August 2005.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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Sun –> energy provided from photovoltaic energy plant.
Wind –> similar from wind turbine(s)
Batt –> similar from battery bank
ene –> similar injected from electrical network external or utility electric network
In other image in red is the total suministed for this sources and red line is the demand. Other images is cost, evoluction of energy supply from each source and more details. It is made for me (Jorge Mírez) in Matlabb/Simulink and I utilized concept of linear programming. Image is from my destokp laptop.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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A simple block diagram of a hybrid power system is shown in Figure. The sources of electric power in this hybrid system consist of a diesel generator, a battery bank, a PV array, and a wind generator. The diesel generator is the main source of power around the world. The output of the diesel generator is regulated ac voltage, which supplies the load directly through the main distribution transformer. The battery bank, the PV array, and the wind turbine are interlinked through a dc bus. The RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) regulates the flow of power to and from the different units, depending on the load. The integration of a RTU into a hybrid power system is important to enhance the performance of the system. The overall purpose of the RTU is to give knowledgeable personnel the ability to monitor and control the hybrid system from an external control center. Since the hybrid systems of interest in this research are located in remote areas, the ability for external monitoring and control is of utmost importance. The RTU is interfaced with a variety of sensors and control devices located at key locations within the hybrid system. The RTU processes the data from these sensors and transmits it to a control center. In addition, the RTU is also capable of receiving control signals and adjusting parameters within the system without the physical presence of the operating personnel.
Source:
Richard W. Wies, Ron A. Johnson, Ashish N. Agrawal and Tyler J. Chubb «Simulink Model for Economic Analysis and Environmental Impacts of a PV With Diesel-Battery System for Remote Villages» IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2005
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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This a example of a AC microgrid with differents equipment from usually photovoltaic solar plant (PV), CHPs, boilers and diesel generators. Many electric lines and loads placed on a characteristic topology of new tendence in market electrical
Source:
In-Su Bae and Jin-O Kim «Phasor Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm to Configure Micro-grids» Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 9 -16, 2012
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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The proposed DIEMS (distributed intelligent energy management system) allow instantaneous optimization of alternative and renewable power sources. The use of storage requires an optimization scheme that considers the time-integral part of the load flow. So, the energy management has to perform energy scheduling a single day or multiple days ahead. An intelligent energy management system in thus required which enables short-term energy allocation scheduling at minimun costs based on power generation and load demand. The function of the DIEMS is to generate set points for all the sources and storages in such a way that economically optimized power dispatch will be maintained to fulfill certain load demand. Generation forescast as well as some fast online algorithms are used to define the energy availability and, finally, to define the optimized power dispatch signals to the loads, as well as to the grid using UPLC (universal active power line conditioner). This energy management system, consists of prediction modulo, optimization module, and online control module, is shown in Figure.
Source:
Sudipta Chakraborty, Manoja D. Weiss and M. Godoy Simöes «Distributed Intelligent Energy Management System for a Single-Phase High-Frequency AC Microgrid» IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. Vol. 54, No. 1, February 2007.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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There is a significative difference storage system and electric power system interconnection unit. The microgrid usually has as high power from grid point of view that it is connected to medium voltage fine, typically 15 kV in Poland. Although the power system interconnection unit has almost the structure as storage system, its primary voltage is in range of kilovolts and is sinusoidal. So, it requires different power electronic converter. It is assumed in Poland that all devices connected to 15 kV lines have to be joined using 50 Hz transformer. Hence, the grid interconnection unit can have a structure shown in Figure.
Source:
Piotr Biczel. “Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid”. IEEE 5th International Conference – Workshop, Compatibility in Power Electronics, CPE 2007. Poland.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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The energy storage systems operating in the microgrid are usually electrochemical ones, based on lead-acid battery. Typical estructure is shown in Figure. The microgrid and battery voltages are typically in range of 1000 V and rather similar.
Source:
Piotr Biczel. “Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid”. IEEE 5th International Conference – Workshop, Compatibility in Power Electronics, CPE 2007. Poland.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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El block diagram structure of a microgrid is shown in Figure. The main task of the power plant’s power electronic converter is to fit primary energy converter’s output voltage to the microgrid power line voltage, and source operating point control as well as low and high level microgrid’s control. The converter’s structure depends on a type of primary energy converter. A common feature of the converters concerns their output current. It should be permanent and low ripple.
Source:
Piotr Biczel. “Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid”. IEEE 5th International Conference – Workshop, Compatibility in Power Electronics, CPE 2007. Poland.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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The CERTS Microgrid program has developed control methods to allow the installation of distributed generators (DGs) in commercial and industrial electric power systems in a “plug and play” manner. These control methods allow the generators to be electrically distributed, rather than be installed on the same electrical bus, and do not require intergenerator communications in order to maintain appropriate voltage and frequency at each generator. Note in figure that there is a communication link with the DGs that is labeled “Energy Manager”. This is a conventional energy manager that is used for power dispatch purposes, not for frequency or voltage control. This energy manager can use relatively slow communications links, such as telephone or internet, since it has no bearing on system stability.
Source:
John Stevens «CERTS Microgrid System Test». IEEExplore
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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Many examples there is in this blog about DC microgrids (see last post or search in blog). This blog is for share information of actual tendence in electricity. It is part of my research as doctoral student in physics in National University of Engineering in Lima, Perú; and actually I am writing in english. For last post, the blog have a traductor box option. Near to 1000 post about diferents topic in renewable energy focused in microgrid, smartgrid and its modelling ans simulation witn Matlab/Simulink. I know this software and its very good, practical for science and engineering. In May or June is possible I will expose mi thesys doctoral, previus days or weeks I posted the exact time for all people see in live or via internet. This figure is other DC microgrid scheme with different technologies interconnected at a some bus DC for transfered electric power. Jorge Mírez (please visit and link my fanpage http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu )
Source of Figure:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. “Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation” International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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In the office there are many electronic equipment, it for the general, to use DC voltage. There is certain paradigme about the data center made more for market that for technical reasons… ups, many companies it not like. Ok, the figure shown the special configuration (a example) of electrical supply to equipment office. Very good, it is a representative used of potential DC microgrids.
Source of Figure:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. «Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation» International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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This a typical scheme of a microgrid AC/DC. It maybe contain many technologies as micro-source, storage, loads and monitoring and control. Un Microgrid Bus linked the different components.
Source:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. «Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation» International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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DC grid of a Microgrid DC may be unipolar with ground as return path or bipolar with positive and negative terminal. The figure (a) and (b) depicts unipolar and bipolar grid respectively. If load connected to DC bus is DC such as TV, computers, fluorescent lamps; DC bus requires less power conversion stages. Since power conversion stages are less, losses in conversion also gets reduced.
Source:
Ganesh Patil, M. F. A. R. Satarkar, Gorakshanath Abande «New Scheme for Protection of DC Micro grid» International Journal of Innovative Reseach in Science, Engineering and Technology. Volume 3, Special Issue 3, March 2014.
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
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The figure illustrates the concept of the power management method in the islanded mode. When a DC micro-grid must be separated from the ac grid and switch to the islanded mode, the grid-tied converter released control of the DC grid voltage and one of the converters in the micro-grid must take over that control. Since each converter of DGs is used for optimal control of each source, only the converters of the energy storage elements are free to regulate the DC grid voltage. During the islanded mode, the battery plays a main role in regulating the DC grid voltage and the super-capacitor plays a secondary role in responding to the sudden power requirement as an auxiliary converter.
Source:
Ji-Heon Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim, Byung-Moon Han, Yu-Seok Jeong, Hyo-Sik Yang and Han-Ju Cha “DC Micro-Grid Operational Analysis with a Detailed Simulation Model for Distributed Generation” Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 3, May 2011
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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The figure illustrates the concept of the power management method in the grid-tied mode and the bolded curve represents a load demand curve during a day. If the output sum of the DGs is sufficient to charge the storage elements, any excessive power is supplied to ac grid. If the sum of the power of the DGs and the storage elements is deficient with respect to the load demand, the required power is supplied from the ac grid. In the grid-tied mode, power management is performed in a complementary manner between storage elements and as a result the DC micro-grid can operate safely and efficiently
Source:
Ji-Heon Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim, Byung-Moon Han, Yu-Seok Jeong, Hyo-Sik Yang and Han-Ju Cha «DC Micro-Grid Operational Analysis with a Detailed Simulation Model for Distributed Generation» Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 3, May 2011
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
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As shown in Figure, the proposed DC micro-grid consists of uncontrolled DGs such as wind power, photovoltaic generation and controlled fuel-cell sources as well as energy storage elements such as super capacitors and batteries, DC loads and grid-tied converters. The wind power system consists of a 2kW PMSG (permanent magnet synchronous generator) which operates under a wide range of wind-speeds without a gear box, and a three-phase PWM converter which converts variable voltage, variable frequency AC voltage to fixed DC voltage with MPPT (maximum power point tracking) capability. The PV (Photo-Voltaic) array converter is a 1.5kW transformer-less boost converter which operates with the MPPT method under varying levels of irradiation and temperature. Since a 1.2 kW PEM (proton exchange membrane) type fuel cell stack generates a low varying DC voltage that is around 26V and is strongly influenced by ripple current, a three-phase isolated DC-DC converter with an active clamp is employed to limit the ripple current into the fuel cells and to increase efficiency. Bidirectional two-phase interleaved converters are used to charge or discharge into the elements. Energy storage elements such as super-capacitors and batteries play an important role for the power management of DC microgrids. They ensure a secure grid network and provide high quality power. A grid-tied three-phase converter, which is a conventional three-phase PWM converter, maintains a constant common DC grid voltage and regulates both the reactive power and the harmonic components in PCC. The DC load is simplified as a variable resistor.
Source:
Ji-Heon Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim, Byung-Moon Han, Yu-Seok Jeong, Hyo-Sik Yang and Han-Ju Cha «DC Micro-Grid Operational Analysis with a Detailed Simulation Model for Distributed Generation» Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 3, May 2011
Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56488109800
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_dSpp4YAAAAJ
MATLAB Group Admin in Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Matlab.Simulink.for.All
WhatsApp Channel/Canal: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VbCvpZsAYlUSz2esek2y
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Datos Generales
Good day. My full name is Jorge Luis MIREZ TARRILLO.
I am Peruvian and live in Lima, capital of Perú in South America.I am Mechanical Electrical Engineering, MSc Physics and Dr. Physics (title doctoral thesis: Control, Optimization, and Management of Microgrid Current Direct)
Too, actually job as Principal Professor in Faculty of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering of Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (National University of Engineering) in Lima – PERU (Courses: Modern Physics, Differential Equations and Research's Methodology)
My subjects of my interest are control, signal processing, optimization, simulation, biomedical research, smart grid, microgrid, water.
I have experience in Matlab/Simulink programming, biomedical equipment, electrical systems, renewable energies, microgrids, saturated steam systems 100 psi and organizing academic events.
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