Archive for the ‘MicroGrid Eléctrica’ Category

Example de AC Microgrid with Diesels CHPs PVs Boilers and conextion with Main Grid

This a example of a AC microgrid with differents equipment from usually photovoltaic solar plant (PV), CHPs, boilers and diesel generators. Many electric lines and loads placed on a characteristic topology of new tendence in market electrical

Source:
In-Su Bae and Jin-O Kim «Phasor Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm to Configure Micro-grids» Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 9 -16, 2012

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
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Single-phase HFAC microgrid with active filters and DIEMS

The proposed DIEMS (distributed intelligent energy management system) allow instantaneous optimization of alternative and renewable power sources. The use of storage requires an optimization scheme that considers the time-integral part of the load flow. So, the energy management has to perform energy scheduling a single day or multiple days ahead. An intelligent energy management system in thus required which enables short-term energy allocation scheduling at minimun costs based on power generation and load demand. The function of the DIEMS is to generate set points for all the sources and storages in such a way that economically optimized power dispatch will be maintained to fulfill certain load demand. Generation forescast as well as some fast online algorithms are used to define the energy availability and, finally, to define the optimized power dispatch signals to the loads, as well as to the grid using UPLC (universal active power line conditioner). This energy management system, consists of prediction modulo, optimization module, and online control module, is shown in Figure.

Source:
Sudipta Chakraborty, Manoja D. Weiss and M. Godoy Simöes «Distributed Intelligent Energy Management System for a Single-Phase High-Frequency AC Microgrid» IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. Vol. 54, No. 1, February 2007.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
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A block diagram of grid interconnection unit

There is a significative difference storage system and electric power system interconnection unit. The microgrid usually has as high power from grid point of view that it is connected to medium voltage fine, typically 15 kV in Poland. Although the power system interconnection unit has almost the structure as storage system, its primary voltage is in range of kilovolts and is sinusoidal. So, it requires different power electronic converter. It is assumed in Poland that all devices connected to 15 kV lines have to be joined using 50 Hz transformer. Hence, the grid interconnection unit can have a structure shown in Figure.

Source:
Piotr Biczel. “Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid”. IEEE 5th International Conference – Workshop, Compatibility in Power Electronics, CPE 2007. Poland.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
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A block diagram of electrochemical energy storage

The energy storage systems operating in the microgrid are usually electrochemical ones, based on lead-acid battery. Typical estructure is shown in Figure. The microgrid and battery voltages are typically in range of 1000 V and rather similar.

Source:
Piotr Biczel. “Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid”. IEEE 5th International Conference – Workshop, Compatibility in Power Electronics, CPE 2007. Poland.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
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General block diagram of the DC microgrid power plant

El block diagram structure of a microgrid is shown in Figure. The main task of the power plant’s power electronic converter is to fit primary energy converter’s output voltage to the microgrid power line voltage, and source operating point control as well as low and high level microgrid’s control. The converter’s structure depends on a type of primary energy converter. A common feature of the converters concerns their output current. It should be permanent and low ripple.

Source:
Piotr Biczel. “Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid”. IEEE 5th International Conference – Workshop, Compatibility in Power Electronics, CPE 2007. Poland.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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difference of time connected beetwen condensers of a bank condensers

This is my simulation made on Matlab/Simulink about difference time of conextion in bank condensers. The reactive power change in the time and it is aleatory. In this context, the mathematical models have that made the emulation of this performance.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
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Simulation of the changes in supply of reactive power in Condenser Bank

Any Condenser Bank have many condensers of equal or different capacity. Its is connected in function to the need of reactive power in the distributed network or microsource connected. The change time in the real world is aleatory and stochastic. This figure is a emulation by this problem. Maximum time change of 5 minutes (8.333 in this vertical scale). Horizontal scale is the progressive number times of realization change

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
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CERTS Microgrid test bed

The CERTS Microgrid program has developed control methods to allow the installation of distributed generators (DGs) in commercial and industrial electric power systems in a “plug and play” manner. These control methods allow the generators to be electrically distributed, rather than be installed on the same electrical bus, and do not require intergenerator communications in order to maintain appropriate voltage and frequency at each generator. Note in figure that there is a communication link with the DGs that is labeled “Energy Manager”. This is a conventional  energy manager that is used for power dispatch purposes, not  for frequency or voltage control. This energy manager can  use relatively slow communications links, such as telephone  or internet, since it has no bearing on system stability.

Source:
John Stevens «CERTS Microgrid System Test». IEEExplore

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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A example of DC microgrid

Many examples there is in this blog about DC microgrids (see last post or search in blog). This blog is for share information of actual tendence in electricity. It is part of my research as doctoral student in physics in National University of Engineering in Lima, Perú; and actually I am writing in english. For last post, the blog have a traductor box option. Near to 1000 post about diferents topic in renewable energy focused in microgrid, smartgrid and its modelling ans simulation witn Matlab/Simulink. I know this software and its very good, practical for science and engineering. In May or June is possible I will expose mi thesys doctoral, previus days or weeks I posted the exact time for all people see in live or via internet. This figure is other DC microgrid scheme with different technologies interconnected at a some bus DC for transfered electric power. Jorge Mírez (please visit and link my fanpage http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu  )

Source of Figure:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. “Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation” International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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Example of power supply for office building using DC bus

In the office there are many electronic equipment, it for the general, to use DC voltage. There is certain paradigme about the data center made more for market that for technical reasons… ups, many companies it not like. Ok, the figure shown the special configuration (a example) of electrical supply to equipment office. Very good, it is a representative used of potential DC microgrids.

Source of Figure:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. «Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation» International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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Example of a hybrid microgrid

This a typical scheme of a microgrid AC/DC. It maybe contain many technologies as micro-source, storage, loads and monitoring and control. Un Microgrid Bus linked the different components.

Source:
N. R. Rahmanov, N. M. Tabatabaei, K. Dursun, O. Z. Kerimov. «Combined AC-DC Microgrids: Case Study – Network Development and Simulation» International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering. September 2012, Issue 12, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 157 – 161.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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DC grid unipolar and bipolar

DC grid of a Microgrid DC may be unipolar with ground as return path or bipolar with positive and negative terminal. The figure (a) and (b) depicts unipolar and bipolar grid respectively.  If load connected to DC bus is DC such as TV, computers, fluorescent lamps; DC bus requires less power conversion stages. Since power conversion stages are less, losses in conversion also gets reduced.

Source:
Ganesh Patil, M. F. A. R. Satarkar, Gorakshanath Abande «New Scheme for Protection of DC Micro grid» International Journal of Innovative Reseach in Science, Engineering and Technology. Volume 3, Special Issue 3, March 2014.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
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Microgrid operation of islanded operation

The figure illustrates the concept of the power management method in the islanded mode. When a DC micro-grid must be separated from the ac grid and switch to the islanded mode, the grid-tied converter released control of the DC grid voltage and one of the converters in the micro-grid must take over that control. Since each converter of DGs is used for optimal control of each source, only the converters of the energy storage elements are free to regulate the DC grid voltage. During the islanded mode, the battery plays a main role in regulating the DC grid voltage and the super-capacitor plays a secondary role in responding to the sudden power requirement as an auxiliary converter.

Source:
Ji-Heon Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim, Byung-Moon Han, Yu-Seok Jeong, Hyo-Sik Yang and Han-Ju Cha “DC Micro-Grid Operational Analysis with a Detailed Simulation Model for Distributed Generation” Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 3, May 2011

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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Microgrid operation of grid-tied mode

The figure illustrates the concept of the power management method in the grid-tied mode and the bolded curve represents a load demand curve during a day. If the output sum of the DGs is sufficient to charge the storage elements, any excessive power is supplied to ac grid. If the sum of the power of the DGs and the storage elements is deficient with respect to the load demand, the required power is supplied from the ac grid. In the grid-tied mode, power management is performed in a complementary manner between storage elements and as a result the DC micro-grid can operate safely and efficiently

Source:
Ji-Heon Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim, Byung-Moon Han, Yu-Seok Jeong, Hyo-Sik Yang and Han-Ju Cha «DC Micro-Grid Operational Analysis with a Detailed Simulation Model for Distributed Generation» Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 3, May 2011

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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Example of configuration of DC micro-grid

As shown in Figure, the proposed DC micro-grid consists of uncontrolled DGs such as wind power, photovoltaic generation and controlled fuel-cell sources as well as energy storage elements such as super capacitors and batteries, DC loads and grid-tied converters. The wind power system consists of a 2kW PMSG (permanent magnet synchronous generator) which operates under a wide range of wind-speeds without a gear box, and a three-phase PWM converter which converts variable voltage, variable frequency AC voltage to fixed DC voltage with MPPT (maximum power point tracking) capability. The PV (Photo-Voltaic) array converter is a 1.5kW transformer-less boost converter which operates with the MPPT method under varying levels of irradiation and temperature. Since a 1.2 kW PEM (proton exchange membrane) type fuel cell stack generates a low varying DC voltage that is around 26V and is strongly influenced by ripple current, a three-phase isolated DC-DC converter with an active clamp is employed to limit the ripple current into the fuel cells and to increase efficiency. Bidirectional two-phase interleaved converters are used to charge or discharge into the elements. Energy storage elements such as super-capacitors and batteries play an important role for the power management of DC microgrids. They ensure a secure grid network and provide high quality power. A grid-tied three-phase converter, which is a conventional three-phase PWM converter, maintains a constant common DC grid voltage and regulates both the reactive power and the harmonic components in PCC. The DC load is simplified as a variable resistor.

Source:
Ji-Heon Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim, Byung-Moon Han, Yu-Seok Jeong, Hyo-Sik Yang and Han-Ju Cha «DC Micro-Grid Operational Analysis with a Detailed Simulation Model for Distributed Generation» Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 3, May 2011

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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DC distribution system

The figure shows the simplified distribution system of the DC microgrid system. The wire sizing has to comply with the South Africa National Standard (SANS) on the wiring of premises 6 mm2 for the generation and storage side, and 2.5 mm2 for the distribution side will allow an acceptable tolerance of voltage drop for this low voltage system, refer to SANS 10142

Source:
Gilbert M Bokanga, Atanda Raji, Mohammed TE Kahn. “Design of a low voltage DC microgrid system for rural electrification in South Africa”. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa • Vol 25 No 2 • May 2014.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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Model design of the DC microgrid system

Hybrid renewable energy systems have been accepted as possible means of electrifying rural outlying areas where it is too expensive to extend the grid to supply them. As stipulated in the introduction, the system is intended to power households, and it must be cost effective; therefore, only solar energy system is retained. Figure 1 shows the overview of the low voltage DC microgrid system

Source:
Gilbert M Bokanga, Atanda Raji, Mohammed TE Kahn. «Design of a low voltage DC microgrid system for rural electrification in South Africa». Journal of Energy in Southern Africa • Vol 25 No 2 • May 2014.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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simulation of deficit and surplus of two microgrids interconnected in Matlab

This is a part of my results about interconnected of two microgrids. It have flow power in function a its capacities, but probably a deficit and/or surplus in supply or demand in both microgrids is present. Negative is deficit in microgrid to import from other source different to other microgrid. Positivo is surplus in microgrid by export to other demand different at other microgrid. The figure is a simple example for to show that it is possible using mathematical modelling and simulations on Matlab of MathWork Inc.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
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simulation of power flow between two microgrids interconnected in Matlab

This is part of my results in Matlab about power flow between two microgrids interconected. In different color shown the direction of power flow (from Microgrid 1 to Microgrid 2, and from Microgrid 2 to Microgrid 1). The figure is a simple example for to show that it is possible using mathematical modelling and simulations on Matlab of MathWork Inc.

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
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Simplified layout of a dc microgrid

The dc microgrid considered is schematically shown in Fig. As for a typical dc microgrid, it consists of the following mainelements:
• variable (nondeterministic) generations and, in this example, a wind turbine using permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG); the maximum power output from the wind turbine is largely determined by the wind condition;
• controlled (deterministic) generation (e.g., a diesel generator or with ac grid connection); as shown in Fig, the dc grid in this example is connected to an external ac system via a dc-ac converter which provides bidirectionalpower-flow capability;
• variable loads with different characteristics; a number of ac and dc loads can be anticipated (e.g., ac loads via dc-ac inverters, dc loads via dc-dc converters, and direct-connected dc loads, etc.);
• energy storage (ES) system to accommodate the presence of variable generation and load, and the requirement of possible island operation (i.e., connection to the external ac system being lost)

Reference:
Lie Xu, Dong Chen. “Control and Operation of a DC Microgrid With Variable Generation and Energy Storage”. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 4, October 2011

Dr. Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation (GMMNS).
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Lima, Perú.
E-mail: jmirez@uni.edu.pe
Website Personal: https://jorgemirez2002.wixsite.com/jorgemirez
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/jorgemirezperu 
Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-luis-mirez-tarrillo-94918423/
Scopus ID: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56488109800
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_dSpp4YAAAAJ
MATLAB Group Admin in Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Matlab.Simulink.for.All
WhatsApp Channel/Canal: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VbCvpZsAYlUSz2esek2y